IPv4 address Types
the purpose of an IP address is to handle communication between devices that send and receive information across a network.
The IP address uniquely identifies every device on the network
EX Ping 192.168.1.5 IF This Host is available that means communication can be done
Private Addresses
CLASS-A 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
CLASS-B 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255
CLASS-C 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
you can know at which class the address belong to from the first octet
- Class A 1 – 126
- Class B 128-191
- Class C 192-223
- Class D 224-239
Public Addresses range of IPs ISP can assign to Customer for global communication (internet)
Reserved Addresses
0.0.0.0/0 ( unspecified) 127.0.0.0 ( Loopback Address) 169.254.0.0 ( Automatic Private IP Address )
Multicast Addresses 223.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
Experimental 240-255
Network ID / Broadcast ID
Converting Between Binary to decimal
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0
Convert 168 to binary
Solution :
Is 168 ≥ 128? Yes, enter 1 in 128 position and subtract 128 (168-128=40)
Is 40 ≥ 64?
No, enter 0 in 64 position and move on
Is 40 ≥ 32?Yes, enter 1 in 32 position and subtract 32 (40-32=8)
Is 8 ≥ 16?No, enter 0 in 16 position and move on
Is 8 ≥ 8?Equal. Enter 1 in 8 position and subtract 8 (8-8=0)
No values left. Enter 0 in remaining binary positions
Default Subnet Mask
Class C 255.255.255.0 Or CIDR /24
Class B 255.255.0.0 Or CIDR /16
Class A 255.0.0.0 Or CIDR /8
Q: Convert Subnet mask To / Notation
255.255.255.128 /?
255.255.255.224 /?
255.255.255.248 /?
Q: Convert From Decimal To Binary
50 what is the binary Number
80 what is the binary Number
180 what is the binary Number
Subnetting Requirement
Host Requirement
2^h ≥ required Hosts “h” Number of Required Zero To get required Hosts
Network Requirement
2^n ≥ Required Network “n” Number of Required One To get required Subnets
192.168.10.0/24 Host requirement is—->30 hosts
2 ^h ≥30
2^5≥30 32 ≥ 30
I need 5 bits zero in the new subnet mask
Default mask is 255.255.255.0
New mask is 255.255.255.11100000 /27 Or 255.255.255.224
Block size ————–> last bit one value 2^5 32
1.192.168.10.0 /27
2.192.168.10.32 /27
3.192.168.10.64 /27
4.192.168.10.96 /27
5.192.168.10.128 /27
6.192.168.10.160/27
7.192.168.10.192/27
8.192.168.10.224/27
192.168.10.0/24 Host requirement is---->60hosts
2 ^h ≥60
2^6≥60 64 ≥ 60
I need 6 bits zero in the new subnet mask
Default mask is 255.255.255.0
New mask is 255.255.255.11000000 /26 Or 255.255.255.192
Block size ————–> last bit one value 2^6 64
1.192.168.10.0 /26
2.192.168.10.64 /26
3.192.168.10.128 /26
4.192.168.10.192 /26
192.168.10.0/24 Host requirement is---->6 hosts
2 ^h ≥ 6
2^3≥ 6 8 ≥ 6
I need 3 bits zero in the new subnet mask
Default mask is 255.255.255.0
New mask is 255.255.255.11111000 /29 Or 255.255.255.248
Block size ————–> last bit one value 2^3 = 8
1.192.168.10.0 /29
2.192.168.10.8 /29
3.192.168.10.16 /29
4.192.168.10.24 /29
5.192.168.10.32 /29
6.192.168.10.40/29
7.192.168.10.48/29
8.192.168.10.56/29
………………………….
192.168.10.0/24 Host requirement is---->60hosts
2 ^h ≥60
2^6≥30 64 ≥ 60
I need 6 bits zero in the new subnet mask
Default mask is 255.255.255.0
New mask is 255.255.255.11000000 /26 Or 255.255.255.192
Block size ————–> last bit one value 2^6 64
1.192.168.10.0 /26
2.192.168.10.64 /26
3.192.168.10.128 /26
4.192.168.10.192 /26
192.168.10.0/24 requirement is---->16 subnets
2 ^n ≥16
2^4≥16 16≥ 16
I need 4 bits ones in the new subnet mask
Default mask is 255.255.255.0
New mask is 255.255.255.11110000 /28 Or 255.255.255.240
Block size ————–> last bit one value 2^4 16
1.192.168.10.0 /28
2.192.168.10.16 /28
3.192.168.10.32 /28
4.192.168.10.48 /28
5.192.168.10.64 /28
6.192.168.10.80/28
7.192.168.10.96/28
8.192.168.10.128/28
……………………………..
192.168.10.0/24 requirement is---->2 subnets
2 ^n ≥2
2^1≥2 2 ≥ 2
I need 1 bit one in the new subnet mask
Default mask is 255.255.255.0
New mask is 255.255.255.10000000 /26 Or 255.255.255.128
Block size ————–>last bit one value 2^7 128
1.192.168.10.0 /25
2.192.168.10.128 /25
from the given network 192.168.0.0/24 find the new subnet mask that match 50 hosts requirment
2^h>required host 2^h> 50 2^6> 50 64 > 50 I need 6 bits zero in the new mask
old subnet mask : 255.255.255.0 the new mask is 255.255.255.1100000 = 255.255.255.192
block size 64
subnet 1
192.168.0.0 NID +64
192.168.0.1 First IP for interface G0/0
192.168.0.2 Second IP For Switch LAN-A
192.168.0.62 Last IP for PC-A
192.168.0.63 BID
subnet 2
192.168.0.64 NID +64
192.168.0.65 First IP for interface G0/1
192.168.0.66 Second IP For Switch LAN-B
192.168.0.126 Last IP for PC-B
192.168.0.127 BID
subnet 3 (For future use)
192.168.0.128 NID +64
192.168.0.129 First Valid
192.168.0.130 Second Valid
192.168.0.190 LAST Valid
192.168.0.191 BID
subnet 4 (For Future use)
192.168.0.192 NID
192.168.0.193 First Valid
192.168.0.194 Second Valid
192.168.0.254 Last Valid
192.168.0.255 BID
Router Configuration :
enable
conf t
interface g0/0
no shutdown
ip address 192.168.0.1 255.255.255.192
interface g0/1
no shutdown
ip address 192.168.0.65 255.255.255.192
—————————————————
switch LAN A Configuration:
enable
conf t
interface vlan 1
no shutdown
ip address 192.168.0.2 255.255.255.192
exit
ip default-gateway 192.168.0.1
——————————————————
switch LAN B Configuration :
enable
conf t
interface vlan 1
no shutdown
ip address 192.168.0.66 255.255.255.192
exit
ip default-gateway 192.168.0.65
from the given network 192.168.100.0/24 find the new subnet mask for this requirement [25 hosts]
255.255.255.0 what is the new subnet mask
2^5>required host 2^5>25 32 > 25 I need 5 bits zero in the new subnet mask
255.255.255.11100000 what is the block size? 32
255.255.255.224
subnet 0
192.168.100.0 NID +32
192.168.100.1 first valid
192.168.100.2
192.168.100.30 last valid
192.168.100.31 BID
subnet 1
192.168.100.32 NID +32
192.168.100.33 Fist valid host
192.168.100.34
192.168.100.62 last valid
192.168.100.63 BID
subnet 2
192.168.100.64 NID +32
192.168.100.65 first valid
192.168.100.66
192.168.100.94 LAST valid
192.168.100.95 BID
subnet 3
192.168.100.96 NID +32
192.168.100.97 First Valid
192.168.100.98
192.168.100.126 Last valid
192.168.100.127 BID
R1 Configuration
enable
conf t
interface g0/0
no shutdown
ip address 192.168.100.1 255.255.255.224
interface g0/1
no shutdown
ip address 192.168.100.33 255.255.255.224
————————————————
S3 configuration
enable
conf t
interface vlan 1
no shutdown
ip address 192.168.100.66 255.255.255.224
exit
ip default-gateway 192.168.100.65
————————————————–
PC4 Configuration
192.168.100.126
255.255.255.224
192.168.100.97